The Shamonda virus (SHAV) is an RNA virus belonging to the genus Orthobunyavirus. Its occurrence is primarily associated with regions of Africa and Asia; however, in the summer of 2026, it was also confirmed for the first time in Central Europe. Two genetically distinct variants of the virus, designated SHAV-EU1 and SHAV-EU2, have been identified in Europe.
The virus is transmitted primarily by blood-sucking midges of the genus Culicoides. Transmission from an infected mother to the foetus during pregnancy is also possible. Cattle are among the known hosts, but the virus has also been detected in sheep, goats, horses and alpacas.
In cattle, infection may manifest as fever, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, general weakness and a significant drop in milk yield. Clinical signs may resemble those of Schmallenberg virus infection or bluetongue. Attention must also be paid to possible reproductive complications, as infection during pregnancy may be associated with abortions and congenital developmental defects in foetuses. The spread of the virus is primarily linked to the activity of its insect vectors and climatic conditions.
Description
Testing options:
- virological testing - RT-PCR
Sample collection for laboratory diagnosis: To detect the virus, it is recommended to collect blood or serum samples from clinically ill animals, ideally during the acute phase of infection, when symptoms such as fever, reduced milk yield or diarrhoea are present. In the case of abortions, stillborn young or young with congenital developmental defects, samples of the brain and cerebellum are the most suitable material. Spleen and blood samples may also be used for testing.
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